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- Major themes in FaulknerÆs Light in August
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- Light In August:
- A Study of 20th Century Man's Search for Self
- A Study of the Origins of Evil
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- "...a man's future is inherent in that man..."
- -Faulkner in the University. p.139
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- Faulkner's Light in August is a metaphor. In fact it is many
- metaphors, almost infinitely many. It is a jumble of allusions,
- themes, portraits, all of them uniquely important, many of them
- totally unrelated. In fact no 20th century writer has even
- approached the sheer quantity of symbolism Faulkner packed into
- every page, with, perhaps, the exception of James Joyce who went so
- far as to surpass Faulkner in this regard. So obviously it would be
- foolish to attempt to trace every line, follow every branch to its
- root, one could spend a lifetime dissecting the book in this
- manner. Fortunately, in the midst of this menagerie of wonders,
- there are dominate themes. There are veins of meaning that permeate
- throughout. Chief among them; Faulkner's study of 20th century
- man's search for identity, and his compassionate portrait of the
- origins of evil.
- I have come from Alabama a fur piece (Faulkner, p.3). The
- reader begins the book in this manner, following the simple-minded
- and determined Lena as she travels, neither coming nor going,
- simply moving. Immediately the book draws into her past, relating
- events leading up to this point, explaining her motives. One gets a
- definite feel for her character, and settles into her narrative,
- but as soon as this happens, the book switches gears, turning
- instead to a vague character, Joe Christmas. With little
- introduction, or warning, the book reels into Joe's past, catching
- the reader totally unaware and throwing off the entire continuity
- of the book. Faulkner's desire for unity and coherence in the
- pattern is not as strong as is his desire for truth to individual
- response (Reed, p.123). Thus Lena is a frame, she serves only to
- accentuate Christmas's story, by contrast. Faulkner demands the
- reader follow, and realize this.
- So we now see Christmas's childhood. From the beginning,
- Christmas is two things. One, he is a totally clean slate in that
- he has no idea whatsoever of his past, his origins. He is neither
- predestined to good nor evil, simply born. By this same token,
- Christmas is left confused. Because he has no idea of his origins,
- he has no idea of self, even to the extent of not being sure of his
- race. Christmas is thoroughly alone in the world, irredeemably
- separate from everyone.
- "Well, here I am" (Faulkner, p.134). This is the first thing
- The boy Christmas says. A fitting statement on his utter aloneness.
- While Christmas is emotionally alone, he is not left alone by
- others. Light in August reiterates its themes by a series of
- different dramatic scenes acted by different examples of the same
- types (Gold, p.41). McEarhern and the dietitian are essentially the
- same: Authority figures who try to force on him their own ideas of
- who he is, or who they want him to be. And the two, identical,
- dramatic scenes acted by different examples of the same types, are
- these: When Christmas is carried off by the insane janitor, and
- when Christmas faints after spending hours standing while McEarhern
- tries to force him to learn a pointless Catechism. Both scenes
- involve Christmas's inability to resist, as authority figures try
- to determine who he will be. Both scenes end with Christmas being
- more confused than ever, yet more unwilling than ever to commit to
- either picture of himself.
- The dietitian does all in her power to convict Christmas of
- being a Negro, and then, his foster father, McEarhern, tries to
- force on Christmas an ideology totally foreign to him. McEarhern
- uses extreme Calvinism to mold Christmas into a purely moral
- person, while the dietitian tries to force Christmas into a state
- of immorality, or at least portray him as such. Forces beyond his
- control work against him, trying to force him in ways he is not,
- sending him in contradicting paths.
- Inevitably he rebels against these forces, finding refuge in
- immorality, a whore, and later going so far as to strike out
- against his oppressor, his own father, killing him. This final act
- of defiance is not so much an act of pure malice, but rather an
- irrepressible reaction to the extreme Calvinism. So extreme
- morality has led Christmas to an act of extreme immorality. And
- this is where the downward spiral begins.
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- The youth upon it's back rode lightly,
- balance lightly, leaning well forward,
- exulting perhaps at that moment as Faustus
- had, of having put behind now at once and
- for all the Shalt Not, of being free at last
- of honor and law........He cried aloud "I
- have done it! I have done it! I told them I
- would!
- (Faulkner, p.228)
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- Now Christmas is freed from all morality. When Christmas kills
- his adopted father he becomes completely immoral. Caring nothing
- for those around him Christmas has completed his journey from
- innocent boy to uncaring man. Almost wholly as a reflex to the
- cruelty of those around him, Christmas has become completely
- detached from society. This is further compounded by his lack of
- identity, also a result of the actions of others, and is symbolized
- by the fact that he is unaware of whether or not he is black. He
- drifts through town after town, aimlessly searching for identity,
- accomplishing nothing.
- Christmas meets Joanna and for awhile the reader senses that
- he may undergo some type of transformation. It seems likely that
- Christmas will finally reconcile himself, but Joanna betrays him by
- trying to force her own ideas of who he is onto him, another
- reenactment of the scenes before follows, only this time ending in
- Christmas once again killing the person trying to change him.
- The book ends with yet one more transformation for Christmas,
- this time from the uncaring being he was before, to a being of pure
- hatred and loathing. Such transformations always occur after the
- aforementioned scene is reenacted, pushing Christmas further
- towards evil, culminating in his bursting into the negro church.
- Starting life as a pure, Christ-like baby, Christmas undergoes a
- brutal series of confused scenes, that end in him "entering the
- negro church as Satan and that is what he has become. Man perverts
- the best in himself continually." (Gold, p.42). Christmas is drawn
- into evil, by a world that would never let him be anything else.
- Christmas symbolizes the cause and demonstrates the effect of man's
- falling. His dual coloring is an ironic emblem for the divided
- society in which he moves (Gold p.42).
- Finally, Christmas is killed by Grimm, the embodiment of the
- "divided society" that created him. This is the final reenactment
- of the reoccurring scene. Only this time, Christmas can no longer
- resist, and is destroyed. He is force to succumb to the "absurdity
- that Faulkner finds in human life" (Satre, p.198).
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- Works Cited
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- Faulkner, William. Light in August. New York: Vintage Books, 1987
- pp. 3-228.
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- Blotner, Jospeh. Faulkner in the University, Class Conferences at
- The University of Virgina. Charlottesville, VA: University
- Press of Virginia, 1959
- p. 139.
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- Gold, Joseph. William Faulkner: A Study in Humanism From Metaphor
- to Discourse. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966
- pp. 41-42
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- Reed, Joseph. Faulkner's Narrative. New Haven: Yale University
- Press, 1973
- p. 123
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- Satre, Jean-Paul
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